"The approaching end of the [17th] century saw many advances in science, technology, and legal system, several of which had to do with the voice and singing."
The 'laryngoscope' allowed the ability to examine the "functioning of the vocal cords in a living subject." This was done by rigging a set of mirrors and a light source. Famous singer, that later became a voice teacher, Manuel Garcia II was behind this idea. His idea marked the beginning of vocal science.
Then, on December 6, 1877, Thomas Edison's first phonograph was able to work, thus making it possible to record something audibly. Composers were able to use his invention to play and record their work for precise readings of their works and "posterity sample the artistry of great performers of former times." However, it did not start off for that purpose. Instead it was used mostly as a novelty toy and remained that way until 1900.
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